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The growing burden of state subsidies

Delivery of welfare benefits to citizens by state governments in India often takes the form of subsidies. Analysing budgetary data from seven Indian states for the period between 2018-19 and 2022-23, this article documents how explicit subsidies are straining state finances and compromising developm...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Macroeconomics
Year: 2025

Accountability and responsibility

Accountability of public institutions and employees is deemed important for them to function for the common good. In this post, Drèze and Sen argue that accountability is only one aspect of a much broader concern for responsibility. Explaining how a sense of responsibility can be an immense force f...

  • Perspectives

Content Type: Perspectives
Topic: Governance
Year: 2025

ASER 2024: More than a post-pandemic recovery in learning

The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 reports on children’s schooling status and reading and arithmetic levels from almost all rural districts of India. In this post, Wilima Wadhwa, Director of the ASER Centre, discusses the key trends in school enrolment and learning outcomes across g...

  • Perspectives

Content Type: Perspectives
Topic: Human Development
Year: 2025

Female labour force participation: Measurement and data quality

Official data revealed a sharp decline in female labour force participation in India between 2004-05 and 2011-12, despite fast economic growth in the country. Examining the measurement of women’s work and data quality issues, this article identifies three explanations for the low observed female l...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Social Identity
Year: 2025

International Women’s Day 2025: Towards equality and empowerment

Throughout this week, I4I has been sharing some of the latest evidence and ideas around women’s empowerment to mark International Women’s Day 2025. Discover the five-part series, and more about I4I’s gender-focused research, in this post.

  • Symposium

Content Type: Symposium
Topic: Social Identity
Year: 2025

Pedalling towards gender equality and empowerment

In Bihar, India and in rural Zambia, the government introduced programmes to address gender gaps in education by providing adolescent girls with bicycles for their commute to school. Discussing the immediate and long-term impacts of these initiatives, this article provides insights into designing mo...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Human Development
Year: 2025

Can job ad language help explain the gender gap in the Indian labour market?

Women applying for jobs tend to earn a lot less than men of the same age and education qualifications. Understanding the factors contributing to this disparity is crucial for addressing gender inequality in the labour market. This article explores one such factor: the wording of job advertisements a...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Social Identity
Year: 2025

Does electrification illuminate women's lives?

A key reason for women’s low labour force participation in developing countries is the burden of unpaid domestic work. Analysing data from rural Bangladesh, this article assesses whether electrification can make a difference by increasing access to time-saving technologies. It finds that women in ...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Human Development
Year: 2025

Fighting gender inequality through mobility: Assessing Delhi’s ‘Pink Ticket’ scheme

To address gender inequities in mobility, Delhi launched a fare-free bus travel scheme for women in 2019. Based on a survey of female passengers in the city, Nishant and Archana highlight positive effects of the scheme such as enhanced confidence to commute independently, and use of savings from fre...

  • Notes from the Field

Content Type: Notes from the Field
Topic: Social Identity
Year: 2025

Unlocking women’s workforce potential

Despite significant progress in educational attainment and health outcomes, India lags in enabling women’s economic participation, which, in turn, impedes the goal of fast and inclusive economic growth. This article shows that formalising part-time employment and redistributing unpaid care work be...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Productivity & Innovation
Year: 2025

Old or new: What’s driving employment growth in formal manufacturing?

As the government undertakes various initiatives for manufacturing, it is important to understand what type of firms drive employment growth in the sector. Based on data on registered firms from the Annual Survey of Industries from 2000-2016, this article highlights the importance of older, larger f...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Productivity & Innovation
Year: 2025

Do commodity derivatives suspensions rein in food price inflation?

Since December 2021, derivatives trading on seven agricultural commodities remains suspended, driven by concerns over excessive speculation and its potential impact on food prices. This article highlights the irrelevance of such suspensions in containing food price inflation and recommends against s...

  • Articles

Content Type: Articles
Topic: Money & Finance
Year: 2025